Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 15، number In Volume 1، April 2022 ، issue Number 71

Investigating the conceptual metaphor of time in the poetry of Hafez and Jahan Malek Khatoon

Seyedeh Akram Zahedi , Tahereh Sadeghi (Author in Charge), Ghasem Sahraei , Saeed Zohrehvand

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Time is an abstract concept and its essence has always been of interest to philosophers and scientists from the Greek period to the present day. But cognitive sciences’ scientists have dealt with how to perceive time and how the human mind perceives time. Based on the extensive research, they have concluded that the mind perceives abstract and obscure matters such as time through conceptual metaphor. In the present study, the poems of Hafez and Jahan Malek Khatoon have been examined from the perspective of the conceptual metaphor of time and its purpose is to find out that, these two poets have used the conceptual metaphor of time to convey what concepts?

METHODOLOGY: It is in the form of in-text citation evidence and its scope includes all Persian verses of the two mentioned poets.

FINDINGS: According to the studies done in the poetry of both poets, time has a high importance and position, meanwhile, Hafez has a special look at time, so that time and its meanings are reflected in most of his verses. In the Divan of Hafez and Jahan Malek Khatoon, in addition to showing the time of events, attention has been paid to the valuable aspect of time which has been conceptualized in the form of valuable, exquisite and irreplaceable object. In addition, through the conceptual metaphor of time, concepts such as: regret over lost days, punctuality, hope, spending moments happily, not wasting life with sadness have been addressed.

CONCLUSION: It seems that some of the verses related to the conceptual metaphor of time in the divan of both poets reflect their intellectual view and worldview, which originates from the conceptual system that has overshadowed their intellectual structure; In Jahan Malek Khatoon’s Diven, this part of the verses is composed mainly in the form of recognition and reflects the events that happened to her. She considers time to be a corrupt, destructive, unfaithful companion, a thief, an oppressor and a tyrant. The conceptual metaphor of time in Hafez"s Divan according to Hafez"s multidimensional personality, his mastery over Islamic and mystical culture, passion and poetic creativity, intellectual and philosophical contemplation, expresses hope, seizing opportunities, happy mood, ideal time and Khayyami thoughts Which is conceptualized through metaphor.

Keyword
Poetry , Time , Conceptual metaphor

• Andrhill, j, w. (2003). The meaning, language and mind. Translated by Mehregan, a. Zende rood. (28,29), pp.39-68.
• Barati, M. (2015). The moment of Hafez. Researchs in mystical literature (Gawhar guys), 9 (1), 99- 127.
• Dabbagh, h. (2014). The introduction of metaphors in science. Tehran: Hermès, pp. 72 - 73.
• Davatkhah, F. Sorahi, M, a. Barekat, b. (2016). The structure of time in bozorg alavi's Her Eyes; A Cognitive semanties perspective. Literary theory and criticism. 5 (9). PP. 136 - 155.
• Ebrahimi dinani, Gh. H and Pirmoradi, M. I. (2001). The concept of time in Berg son's philosophy. Modarres human sciences, 4 (4), 95- 108.
• Fazeli, M. (2008). Khaym's thought system. Literary reseapch, 5 (20), pp.61- 89.
• Fotouhi Roudmajani, M. (2014). Picture rhetoric. 3nd ed. Tehran: sokhan, P. 341.
• Fotouhi Roudmajani, M. (2016). The stylistic, theories, approaches and methods. 3nd ed. Tehran: sokhan, P. 325.
• Hafez, Sh, M. (2010). The Divan Hafez. With effort Mansour, j. 47nd ed. Tehran: Douran, pp 18, 33, 37, 75, 139, 176, 272, 305.
• Jahan malek khatoon. (1995). The complete Divan. With effort kashani rad and Ahmadnejad, k. Tehran: zavvar, pp 36, 39, 129, 184, 237, 258, 327, 541. Kovecses, z. (2015). Metaphor in culture universality and variation. Translated by Entezam, n. Tehran: siahroud, pp. 73_ 77. Kovecses, z. (2017). Metaphor a practical introduction. 2nd ed. Translated by Mirzabeigi, j. Tehran: Agah, pp. 23_ 67. Lakoof, G and Johnson, M. (2016). Philosophy in the flesh; The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. 2nd ed. Translated by Mirzabeigi, j. Tehran: Agah, pp. 207_ 210. Lakoof, G and Johnson, M. (2016). Metaphors we live by. 2nd ed. Translated by Aghaebrahieimi, H. Tehran: Elm, pp. 13, 17, 185. Mohammadi Asiabadi, A. (2008). The time in Hafez's poetry. Textual criticism of Persian literature (researchs on Persian language and literature), 45 (3), pp. 103- 123. Raiisi, F and Afrashi, A and Nematzadeh, Sh and moghadasin, M. (2019). Conceptual Metaphors of time in Persian: a cognitive and corpus based approach. Journal of western Iranian languages and dialects, 8 (1), pp. 15 - 29. Safa, Z. (2001). History of lranian literature (volume 2). Summary by Barati, M. 13nd ed. Tehran: ferdows, P. 188. Sojoodi, F and Ghanbari, Z. (2012). Metaphor of time in Persian children books (a, b and c age group) a cognitive approach. Literary criticism, 5, (19), pp. 135- 156.
• Taylor, r. (2011). The permission and meaning; The basis of Metaphorical thinking and an esthetics.2nd ex. Translated by saberi noori fam, M. Tehran: soureh mehr, p. 63.
• Vafaie, A. B and Khajehpour, F. (2o18). The study of the function of language and gender in the international Court of khatun shurazi based on DSL theory. Literary text research (Persian language and literature), 22 (76), pp. 143- 164.
• Yosefi, Gh, h. (2009). Cheshmeh Roshan: A meeting with poets. 12nd ed. Tehran: Elmi, Pp. 263- 264.